Analysis of the influence of coal field fire on environment
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摘要:
煤田自燃造成煤炭资源浪费、环境污染、人员伤亡、经济损失等问题。为了进一步推进对煤田自燃过程中对环境问题的关注，通过文献综述和野外地质调查等手段分析了煤田自燃过程对环境的影响，对比分析了温室气体的评估方法，介绍了有毒有害气体（SOx、NOx、有机物、Hg、HF）和气溶胶对火区及周边环境的影响，分析了煤火对土地资源及地表植被的破坏情况，探讨了煤自燃对水质的影响；从地质角度分析了煤火导致的地质灾害和烧变岩诱发的地质条件的变化。结合煤炭安全绿色智能化开采和清洁高效低碳集约化利用为主的发展趋势，对温室气体和有毒有害气体的排放量、土壤和水体污染物评价指标、地质灾害的预测和预报机制及烧变岩的特征节约水资源提出了工作展望。
Abstract:Coalfield spontaneous combustion causes problems such as wastage of coal resources, environmental pollution, casualties, and economic losses. In order to further promote attention to environmental issues during the process of coalfield spontaneous combustion, this paper analyzes the impact of coalfield spontaneous combustion on the environment through literature review and field geological investigation, compares and analyzes greenhouse gas assessment methods, introduces the effects of toxic and harmful gases (SOx, NOx, organic matter, Hg, HF) and aerosols on fire areas and surrounding environment, analyzes the damage caused by coal fires to land resources and surface vegetation, explores the impact of coal self-ignition on water quality, and analyzes from a geological perspective the geological disasters caused by coal fires and changes in geological conditions induced by burnt rocks. Combining with the development trend of safe, green, intelligent mining of coal and clean, efficient, low-carbon intensive utilization, the next step is to propose work prospects for reducing greenhouse gas and toxic and harmful gas emissions, evaluating soil and water pollutants, predicting and forecasting geological disasters, and characterizing burnt rocks to save water resources.
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图 2 煤自燃形成的气态冷凝产物
Figure 2. Gaseous condensates formed by spontaneous combustion of coal
表 1 温室气体排放计算的相关方法
Table 1 Methods for calculating greenhouse gas emissions
排放量计算方法 参数说明 研究区 排放量 参考文献
$ \text{PEE}{\text{F}}_{{y}}=\displaystyle\sum {{F}}_{{iy}}\times\text{COEF}_i $$\text{PEE}{\text{F}}_{{y}} $为燃烧化石燃料排放的CO2，t；$\sum {{F}}_{{iy}} $年度内燃料i的消耗量，t；COEFi为燃料i的CO2的排放因子。 — — UNFCCC[15]
$ {{E}}_{\text{CO}_{2}\text{,fuel}}{={\mathrm{FC}}\times {\mathrm{EF}}} $${{E}}_{\text{CO}_{2}\text{,fuel}} $为燃料类型划分的CO2排放量，kg；FC为燃料的燃烧量，TJ；
EF为按燃料类型划分的CO2默认排放系数，kg/TJ 。— — IPCC[16]
$ {C=}\displaystyle\sum {{A}}_{{i}}{{S}}_{{i}}{{F}}_{{i}}{t} $
（i=1，2，···，m）C为碳排放量，t；Ai为i 火区的排放因子；Si为i火区面积，km2；
Fi为排放通量-单位时间单位面积火区的碳排放量，t/( s·km2)；
t为估算时间间隔。乌达煤田 CO2 37.9×104 t/a 曹代勇等[22]
$C=\displaystyle\sum {{\alpha}}_{{i}}{{K}}_{{i}}{{M}}_{{i}} $α为排放系数；K为释放因子, t/(t·a)；M为烧失煤量，t；
i为火区序列号。乌达煤田 CO2 4.95×104 t
2013年数据曹代勇等[23]
$ {C=}\displaystyle\sum {{\beta}}_{{i}}{{F}}_{{i}}{{S}}_{{i}} $β为排放系数；F为排放通量，mg/(s·m2)；S为火区面积, ｍ2。 乌达煤田 CO2 4.10×104 t
2013年数据曹代勇等[23] $ {F}_{g}=\dfrac{\text{1}}{\varPhi_{g}} \rho_{{h}} k {{U}}^{{*}} H \dfrac{\text{∂}{{\bar c}}_{{g}}}{\text{d}H} $ Fg为待测气体的通量密度，mg /( m2·s)；Φg为大气稳定度调整系数；
ρh为监测高度处空气密度，mg /m3；k为卡曼常数，k= 0.035；
U*为摩擦风速；H为测量高度；cg为待测气体的质量浓度，mg /m3。活鸡兔火区 CO2 3.88～30.46
mg /( m2·s)陈晓坤等[28]
$ {{E}}_{{i}}{=}{{C}}_{{i}}{vA} $Ei为气体i排放的排放量；Ci为气体i在排气口的浓度；
v为垂直于排气口处气体的速度；A为排气口的横截面积。肯塔基州 CO2 65.69 t/a
CH4 5.73 t/aHOWER等[24]
$ {Q}_{ij}={Q}_{j} {C}_{ij} $Qij为烟气中i成分在j裂隙中的排放量，m3；Qj为第j裂隙中的烟气总流量，m3/s；Cij为第i成分在第j裂隙中占总流量的百分比，%。 水西沟南火区 CO2 3.7×108 m3/a 布威萨热·库尔班[32]
$ {T=V \rho g }W $为煤炭因燃烧的有效损失量；V为燃烧塌陷区立体模型的体积；
$\rho $为煤的密度；W为下沉系数。— — 徐友友等[30]
$ {{E}}_{{{\mathrm{CO}}_2}}=K M r $${{E}}_{{{\mathrm{CO}}_2}} $为碳排放量, t；K为CO2释放因子，g/(t.s)；
M为原煤烧失煤量，t；r为排放率，%。乌达煤田 CO2 4.00×105 t 陈堔[31] 
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